What Are Antibodies? What Are Antibodies? Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins released by plasma cells that arise from activated B cells during an adaptive immune response. Most circulate as Y-shaped mon...
How Antibodies Work in Vaccines Most vaccines protect by inducing immune responses without causing disease, using killed pathogens, protein subunits, or genetic instructions rather than virulent organisms. Live attenuated vaccines u...
How Are Antibodies Made? Early B Cell Development and V(D)J Recombination Antibody production begins in the bone marrow, where progenitor B lymphocytes undergo V(D)J recombination ; the somatic rearrangement of Variable (V), ...
The 5 Types of Antibodies Humans have five antibody isotypes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each defined by a distinct heavy chain type and tailored to specific immune functions. Despite sharing a core structure, these isotypes...
Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal vs. Polyclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced antibodies that are all identical and specific to one target epitope. The term “monoclonal” reflects their ori...
Antibodies in Medicine Antibodies as Diagnostic Tools One of the most widespread uses of antibodies is in diagnostic tests. Because an antibody will bind only its target antigen, it can serve as a very precise probe to dete...
Advantages of Nanobodies Advantages of Nanobodies: Why Researchers Prefer Them Over Conventional Antibodies In the past 18 months, studies mentioning “nanobody” have surged by over 70%, reflecting their explosive adoption acr...
How to Produce Nanobodies How to Produce Nanobodies - Generation and Design Nanobodies, single-domain antibody fragments of approximately 15 kDa, combine the binding specificity of conventional IgGs with exceptional tissue pen...
Antibody Structure and Functional Domains Antibodies are Y-shaped immunoglobulin proteins (~150 kDa) built from two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Disulfide bonds link the chains, maintaining the Y-shaped structure. Th...
How Do Antibodies Work? How Do Antibodies Work? The Immune System’s Targeted Defense Antibodies are adaptive immune proteins that recognize molecular targets with near-atomic precision. Their variable regions lock onto epito...